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• Tongue positions of Daniel Jones' cardinal front vowels (adapted from Jones 1972: 32).
• Cardinal vowels #1 and #4 [i, a] were adapted by Jones from x-ray photographs of his mouth.
• Cardinal vowels #2 and #3 [e, ɛ] are approximate.
• The tongue positions were determined by placing a thin metal chain on Jones' tongue while saying the vowels and then photographing them.
• The four large dots indicate the highest point of tongue for each vowel.

• Jones, Daniel. (1972). An outline of English phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.

• Image:Cardinal vowel tongue position-back.png
• Image:Cardinal vowels-Jones x-ray.jpg

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses:

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