ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ

2021-07-09T14:59:18Z

AndreB8861: Reverted edits by 119.12.232.19 (talk) to last revision by Martin Urbanec

[[File:Red Giant Earth warm.jpg|thumb|274x274px|alt=A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun|Artist's concept of the carbonized [[Earth]] 7.9 billion years from now, after the [[Sun]] has entered the [[red giant]] stage.]]

While predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain,<ref>{{cite book
| author=Rescher, Nicholas
| authorlink =Nicholas Rescher
| title = Predicting the future: An introduction to the theory of forecasting
| date = 1998
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| isbn = 978-0791435533
}}
</ref> present understanding in various [[Science|scientific]] fields allows for the prediction of '''far-future events''', if only in the broadest outline. These fields include [[astrophysics]], which has revealed how [[planet]]s and [[star]]s form, interact, and die; [[particle physics]], which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales; [[evolutionary biology]], which predicts how life will evolve over time; and [[plate tectonics]], which shows how continents shift over millennia.

All projections of the [[future of the Earth]], [[Future of the Solar System|the Solar System]], and [[Future of an expanding universe|the universe]] must account for the [[second law of thermodynamics]], which states that [[entropy]], or a loss of the energy available to do work, must rise over time.<ref name="Nave" /> Stars will eventually exhaust their supply of [[hydrogen]] fuel and burn out. Close encounters gravitationally fling planets from their star systems, and star systems from galaxies.<ref name="five ages" />

Eventually, matter itself is expected to come under the influence of [[radioactive decay]], as even the most stable materials break apart into subatomic particles.<ref name="dying" /> Current data suggest that the [[Flat universe|universe has a flat geometry]] (or very close to flat), and thus, will not [[Big Crunch|collapse in on itself]] after a finite time,<ref name="Komatsu" /> and the infinite future allows for the occurrence of a number of massively improbable events, such as the formation of [[Boltzmann brain]]s.<ref name="linde" />

The timelines displayed here cover events from [[List of millennia#Future|the beginning of the 11th millennium]]<ref name=time group=note>The precise cutoff point is 0:00 on 1 January AD 10,001</ref> to the furthest reaches of future time. A number of alternative future events are listed to account for questions still unresolved, such as whether [[Human extinction|humans will become extinct]], whether [[proton decay|protons decay]], and whether the earth survives when the sun expands to the [[red giant]].

==ꯆꯪꯒꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| [[Astronomy]] and [[astrophysics]]
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| [[Geology]] and [[planetary science]]
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| [[Biology]]
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| [[Particle physics]]
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:Pi-symbol.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| [[Mathematics]]
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=Technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| [[Technology]] and [[culture]]
|}

==ꯃꯂꯦꯝꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯗꯕ, ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯏꯄꯡꯄꯥꯜꯄꯥ ==
<!--

NO ADDING MATERIAL TO THIS LIST WITHOUT A VALID CITATION! -
{{See also|Formation and evolution of the Solar System}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event

|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 10,000
| If a failure of the [[Wilkes Subglacial Basin]] "ice plug" in the next few centuries were to endanger the [[East Antarctic Ice Sheet]], it will take up to this long to melt completely. [[Sea level]]s would rise 3 to 4 [[meter]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mengel|first=M.|author2=A. Levermann |title=Ice plug prevents irreversible discharge from East Antarctica|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=4|issue=6|pages=451–455|date=4 May 2014|url=http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2226.html|bibcode=2014NatCC...4..451M|doi=10.1038/nclimate2226}}</ref> (One of the potential [[long-term effects of global warming]], this is separate from the shorter term threat of the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]].)
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10,000<ref name=prob group=note>This represents the time by which the event will most probably have happened. It may occur randomly at any time from the present.</ref>
| The [[red supergiant star]] [[Antares]] will likely have exploded in a [[supernova]]. The explosion is expected to be easily visible in daylight.<ref name=hockey>{{cite journal|bibcode=2010Obs...130..167H|title=Public reaction to a V = −12.5 supernova|journal=The Observatory|volume=130|issue=3|page=167|author1=Hockey|first1=T.|last2=Trimble|first2=V.|year=2010}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 15,000
| According to the [[Sahara pump theory]], the [[precession]] of Earth's poles will move the [[North African Monsoon]] far enough north to convert the [[Sahara]] back into a tropical climate, [[Neolithic Subpluvial|as it was]] during 5,000–10,000 years ago.<ref name="tropicalsahara1">{{cite web|last1=Mowat|first1=Laura|title=Africa's desert to become lush green tropics as monsoons MOVE to Sahara, scientists say|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/828144/Climate-change-Africa-Sahel-Sahara-region-monsoon-rainfall-drought|website=Express.co.uk|accessdate=23 March 2018|language=en|date=14 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="tropicalsahara2">{{cite web|title=Orbit: Earth's Extraordinary Journey|url=http://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/btbb/gilf-kebir-the-great-barrier-nick-drake-wadi-bakht/|website=ExptU|accessdate=23 March 2018|date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 25,000
| The northern [[Martian polar ice caps|Martian polar ice cap]] could recede as [[Mars]] reaches a warming peak of the northern hemisphere during the c. 50,000-year [[Apsidal precession|perihelion precession]] aspect of its [[Milankovitch cycles|Milankovitch cycle]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schorghofer |first=Norbert |title=Temperature response of Mars to Milankovitch cycles |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=23 September 2008 |volume=35 |issue=18 |page=L18201 |doi=10.1029/2008GL034954 |url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~norb1/Papers/2008-milank.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919133851/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~norb1/Papers/2008-milank.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 September 2009 |bibcode=2008GeoRL..3518201S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Beech|first=Martin|title=Terraforming: The Creating of Habitable Worlds|date=2009|publisher=Springer|pages=138–142}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 36,000
| The small [[red dwarf]] [[Ross 248]] will pass within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun.<ref name="Matthews1993" /> It will recede after about 8,000 years, making first [[Alpha Centauri]] again and then [[Gliese 445]] the nearest stars<ref name="Matthews1993" /> ([[List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs#Distant future and past encounters|see timeline]]).
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50,000
| According to Berger and Loutre, the current [[interglacial]] period ends<ref name="Berger2002" /> sending the Earth back into a [[glacial period]] of the current [[ice age]], regardless of the effects of anthropogenic [[global warming]].

[[Niagara Falls]] will have eroded away the remaining 32 km to [[Lake Erie]], and ceased to exist.<ref name="Niagara Parks" />

The many [[glacial lake]]s of the [[Canadian Shield]] will have been erased by [[post-glacial rebound]] and erosion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bastedo|first=Jamie|title=Shield Country: The Life and Times of the Oldest Piece of the Planet|date=1994|publisher=Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary|page=202|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50,000
| The length of the [[Julian day|day used for astronomical timekeeping]] reaches about 86,401 [[International System of Units|SI]] seconds, due to [[tidal acceleration|lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation]]. Under the present-day timekeeping system, either a [[leap second]] would need to be added to the clock every single day, or else by then, in order to compensate, the length of the day would have had to have been officially lengthened by one SI second.<ref name="arxiv1106_3141" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100,000
| The [[proper motion]] of stars across the [[celestial sphere]], which is the result of their movement through the [[Milky Way]], renders many of the [[constellation]]s unrecognisable.<ref name="Tapping 2005" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
| The [[hypergiant]] star [[VY Canis Majoris]] will likely have exploded in a [[Superluminous supernova|hypernova]].<ref name="Monnier Tuthill Lopez 1999" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Earth will likely have undergone a [[supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to erupt {{Convert|400|km3|cumi|abbr=in}} of [[magma]]. For comparison, [[Lake Erie]] is {{Convert|484|km3||abbr=on}}.<ref name="toba" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 100,000
|Native North American [[earthworm]]s, such as [[Megascolecidae]], will have naturally spread north through the United States [[Upper Midwest]] to the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]], recovering from the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet]] glaciation (38°N to 49°N), assuming a migration rate of 10 metres per year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaetzl|first1=Randall J.|last2=Anderson|first2=Sharon|title=Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=105|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> (However, non-native [[invasive earthworms of North America]] have already been introduced by humans on a much shorter timescale, causing a shock to the regional [[ecosystem]].)
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100,000+
| As one of the [[long-term effects of global warming]], 10% of [[greenhouse gas|anthropogenic carbon dioxide]] will still remain in a stabilized atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth's Climate |author=David Archer |date=2009 |page=123 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-13654-7}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 250,000
| [[Lōʻihi Seamount|Lōʻihi]], the youngest volcano in the [[Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain]], will rise above the surface of the ocean and become a new [[High island|volcanic island]].<ref name="havo" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| c. 300,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
| At some point in the next "several" hundred thousand years, the [[Wolf–Rayet star]] [[WR 104]] is expected to explode in a [[supernova]]. It has been suggested that it may produce a [[gamma-ray burst]] that could pose a threat to life on Earth should its poles be aligned 12° or lower towards Earth. The star's axis of rotation has yet to be determined with certainty.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=675 |number=1 |arxiv=0712.2111 |title=The Prototype Colliding-Wind Pinwheel WR 104 |first1=Peter |last1=Tuthill |first2=John |last2=Monnier |first3=Nicholas |last3=Lawrance |first4=William |last4=Danchi |first5=Stan |last5=Owocki |first6=Kenneth |last6=Gayley |year=2008 |doi=10.1086/527286 |bibcode=2008ApJ...675..698T |pages=698–710}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 500,000<ref name=prob group=note/>
|Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of roughly 1 km in diameter, [[Asteroid impact avoidance|assuming it cannot be averted]].<ref name="Bostrom 2002" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 500,000
| The rugged terrain of [[Badlands National Park]] in [[South Dakota]] will have eroded away completely.<ref>{{cite web|title=Badlands National Park – Nature & Science – Geologic Formations|url=http://www.nps.gov/badl/naturescience/geologicformations.htm}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 950,000
| [[Meteor Crater]], a large [[impact crater]] in Arizona considered the "freshest" of its kind, will have eroded away.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landstreet|first=John D.|title=Physical Processes in the Solar System: An introduction to the physics of asteroids, comets, moons and planets|date=2003|publisher=Keenan & Darlington|page=121|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Earth will likely have undergone a [[Supervolcano|supervolcanic]] eruption large enough to erupt {{Convert|3200|km3|cumi|abbr=in}} of magma, an event comparable to the [[Toba catastrophe theory|Toba supereruption]] 75,000 years ago.<ref name="toba" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Highest estimated time until the [[red supergiant star]] [[Betelgeuse]] explodes in a [[supernova]]. The explosion is expected to be easily visible in daylight.<ref name="beteldeath" /><ref name="betel" /> It may explode in as little as 100,000 years, depending on the evolutionary model.
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| [[Desdemona (moon)|Desdemona]] and [[Cressida (moon)|Cressida]], moons of [[Uranus]], will likely have collided.<ref name=Uranus>{{cite web|title=Uranus's colliding moons|year=2017|url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/09/uranus-colliding-moons |publisher=astronomy.com|accessdate=2017-09-23}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.4 million
| The star [[Gliese 710]] will pass as close as 9,000 AU (0.14 light-years to the Sun) before moving away. This will gravitationally [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturb]] members of the [[Oort cloud]], a halo of icy bodies orbiting at the edge of the Solar System, thereafter raising the likelihood of a cometary impact in the inner Solar System.<ref name="gliese" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 2 million
| Estimated time for the recovery of [[coral reef]] ecosystems from human-caused [[ocean acidification]]; a similar time was taken for the recovery of marine ecosystems after the acidification event that occurred about 65 million years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Natalie|title=Global Warming|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=53|quote=The last time acidification on this scale occurred (about 65 mya) it took more than 2 million years for corals and other marine organisms to recover; some scientists today believe, optimistically, that it could take tens of thousands of years for the ocean to regain the chemistry it had in preindustrial times.|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2 million+
| The [[Grand Canyon]] will erode further, deepening slightly, but principally widening into a broad valley surrounding the [[Colorado River]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand Canyon – Geology – A dynamic place|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/views/layouts/Main.html#/GRCA/geo/dynamic/|website=Views of the National Parks|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 2.7 million
| Average orbital half-life of current [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaurs]], that are unstable because of gravitational interaction of the several [[outer planets]].<ref name="Horner2004a">{{cite journal
|last1=Horner |first1= J.
|last2=Evans|first2= N.W.|last3= Bailey|first3= M. E.
|title=Simulations of the Population of Centaurs I: The Bulk Statistics
|date=2004
|arxiv=astro-ph/0407400
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08240.x
|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=354|issue=3|pages=798–810 |bibcode=2004MNRAS.354..798H}}</ref> See [[Centaur (minor planet)#Notable centaurs|predictions for notable centaurs]].
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 10 million
| The widening [[East African Rift]] valley is flooded by the [[Red Sea]], causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of [[Africa]]<ref name="rift" /> and the [[African Plate]] into the newly formed Nubian Plate and the [[Somali Plate]].
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 10 million
| Estimated time for full recovery of [[biodiversity]] after a potential [[Holocene extinction]], if it were on the scale of the five previous [[extinction event|major extinction events]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kirchner|first1=James W.|last2=Weil|authorlink1=James Kirchner|first2=Anne|title=Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record|journal=Nature|date=9 March 2000|volume=404|pages=177–180|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6774/abs/404177a0.html|bibcode = 2000Natur.404..177K|doi=10.1038/35004564|issue=6774|pmid=10724168}}</ref>

Even without a mass extinction, by this time most current species will have disappeared through the [[background extinction rate]], with many [[clade]]s gradually evolving into new forms.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Edward O.|title=The Diversity of Life|date=1999|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|page=216|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10 to 1,000 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| [[Cupid (moon)|Cupid]] and [[Belinda (moon)|Belinda]], moons of [[Uranus]], will likely have collided.<ref name=Uranus/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 25 million
| According to [[Christopher R. Scotese]], the movement of the [[San Andreas Fault]] will cause the [[Gulf of California]] to flood into the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]. This will form a new inland sea on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] of [[North America]].<ref name="scotese" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50 million
| Maximum estimated time before the moon [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] collides with [[Mars]].<ref name= "Bills"/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50 million
| According to Christopher R. Scotese, the movement of the [[San Andreas Fault]] will cause the current locations of Los Angeles and San Francisco to merge.<ref name="scotese" /> The Californian coast will begin to be subducted into the [[Aleutian Trench]].<ref name="trench" />

Africa's collision with [[Eurasia]] closes the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and creates a mountain range similar to the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="medi" />

The [[Appalachian Mountains]] peaks will largely erode away,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| date =2011 | title =Geology | encyclopedia =Encyclopedia of Appalachia | publisher =University of Tennessee Press | url=http://www.encyclopediaofappalachia.com/category.php?rec=2 }}</ref> weathering at 5.7 [[Bubnoff unit]]s, although topography will actually rise as regional [[valley]]s deepen at twice this rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hancock|first=Gregory|title=Summit erosion rates deduced from 10Be: Implications for relief production in the central Appalachians|journal=Geology|date=January 2007|volume=35|issue=1|page=89|doi=10.1130/g23147a.1 |url=http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/HancockKirwan2007SummitErosion.pdf|last2=Kirwan|first2=Matthew|bibcode=2007Geo....35...89H}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50–60 million
| The [[Canadian Rockies]] will erode away to a plain, assuming a rate of 60 [[Bubnoff unit]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yorath|first=C. J.|title=Of rocks, mountains and Jasper: a visitor's guide to the geology of Jasper National Park|date=1995|publisher=Dundurn Press|page=30|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> (The [[Southern Rocky Mountains|Southern Rockies]] in the United States are eroding at a somewhat slower rate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dethier|first=David P.|display-authors=4|author2=Ouimet, W. |author3=Bierman, P. R. |author4=Rood, D. H. |author5=Balco, G. |title=Basins and bedrock: Spatial variation in 10Be erosion rates and increasing relief in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA|journal=Geology|date=2014|volume=42|issue=2|pages=167–170|url=http://noblegas.berkeley.edu/~balcs/pubs/Dethier_2014_Geology.pdf|bibcode = 2014Geo....42..167D |doi = 10.1130/G34922.1 }}</ref>)
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50–400 million
| Estimated time for Earth to naturally replenish its [[fossil fuel]] reserves.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Pimentel|editor-first=David|last=Patzek|first=Tad W.|author-link1=Tad Patzek|title=Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks|chapter=Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand?|date=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 80 million
| The [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] will have become the last of the current [[Hawaiian Islands]] to sink beneath the surface of the ocean, while a more recently formed chain of "new Hawaiian Islands" will then have emerged in their place.<ref>{{cite news|last=Perlman|first=David|title=Kiss that Hawaiian timeshare goodbye / Islands will sink in 80 million years|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|date=14 October 2006}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid comparable in size to the one that triggered the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|K–Pg extinction]] 66 million years ago, [[Asteroid-impact avoidance|assuming it cannot be averted]].<ref name="kpg1" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100 million
| According to the Pangaea Proxima Model created by Christopher R. Scotese, a new subduction zone will open in the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas will begin to converge back toward Africa.<ref name="scotese" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100 million
| Upper estimate for lifespan of the [[rings of Saturn]] in their current state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Kenneth R.|title=The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=328–329|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 180 million
| Due to the gradual slowing down of Earth's rotation, a day on Earth will be one hour longer than it is today.<ref>{{cite web | title = How Long Until The Moon Slows The Earth To A 25 Hour Day? |author=Jillian Scudder |publisher= [[Forbes]] | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillianscudder/2017/01/28/how-long-until-the-moon-slows-the-earth-to-a-25-hour-day/#477b64b16d32 | accessdate=30 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:Pi-symbol.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| 230 million
| Prediction of the orbits of the planets is impossible over greater time spans than this, due to the limitations of [[Lyapunov time]].<ref name="hayes07" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 240 million
| From its present position, the [[Solar System]] completes [[Galactic year|one full orbit]] of the [[Galactic center]].<ref name="galyear" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 250 million
| Due to the northward movement of the West Coast of North America, the coast of California will collide with Alaska.<ref name="scotese" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 250 million
| All the continents on Earth may fuse into a [[supercontinent]]. Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed [[Amasia (continent)|Amasia]], [[Novopangaea]], and [[Pangaea Ultima]].<ref name="scotese" /><ref name="Williams Nield 2007" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 300–600 million
| Estimated time for Venus's mantle temperature to reach its maximum. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, major subduction occurs and the crust is recycled.<ref name="Strom1994">{{cite journal |last=Strom |first=Robert G. |author2=Schaber, Gerald G. |author3=Dawson, Douglas D. |date=25 May 1994 |title=The global resurfacing of Venus |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=99 |issue=E5 |pages=10899–10926 |doi=10.1029/94JE00388 |bibcode=1994JGR....9910899S|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231347 |format=Submitted manuscript }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 400–500 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| The supercontinent (Pangaea Ultima, Novopangaea, or Amasia) will likely have rifted apart.<ref name="Williams Nield 2007" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 500 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Estimated time until a [[gamma-ray burst]], or massive, hyperenergetic supernova, occurs within 6,500 light-years of Earth; close enough for its rays to affect Earth's [[ozone layer]] and potentially trigger a [[Extinction event|mass extinction]], assuming the hypothesis is correct that a previous such explosion triggered the [[Ordovician–Silurian extinction events|Ordovician–Silurian extinction event]]. However, the supernova would have to be precisely oriented relative to Earth to have any negative effect.<ref name="natgeo" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 600 million
| [[Tidal acceleration]] moves the [[Moon]] far enough from Earth that total [[solar eclipse]]s are no longer possible.<ref name="600mil" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 600 million
| The Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the [[carbonate–silicate cycle]]; higher luminosity increases [[weathering]] of surface rocks, which traps [[carbon dioxide]] in the ground as carbonate. As water evaporates from the Earth's surface, rocks harden, causing [[plate tectonics]] to slow and eventually stop. Without volcanoes to recycle carbon into the Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide levels begin to fall.<ref name=swansong>{{cite journal|title=Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes|journal= International Journal of Astrobiology|volume= 12|issue= 2|pages= 99–112|author= O'Malley-James, Jack T.|author2= Greaves, Jane S.|author3= Raven, John A.|author4= Cockell, Charles S.|date=2012 |arxiv= 1210.5721|bibcode= 2013IJAsB..12...99O|doi= 10.1017/S147355041200047X}}</ref> By this time, carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which [[C3 carbon fixation|C3 photosynthesis]] is no longer possible. All plants that utilize C3 photosynthesis (~99 percent of present-day species) will die.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 600-700 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| As temperatures continue to rise, plants could survive longer by evolving new ways that require less photosynthetic processes, like becoming [[Carnivorous plant|carnivorous]], adapting to [[desiccation]], or [[mycoheterotrophy|associating with]] [[fungi]]. These adaptations are likely to occur just before the moist greenhouse effect.<ref name=mj2013/>
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 700–800 million<ref name=prob group=note/>
| The death of most [[plant life]] will result in less [[oxygen]] in the [[atmosphere]], allowing for more [[DNA]] damaging [[Ultraviolet Radiation]] to reach the surface. The rising temperatures will increase chemical reactions in the atmosphere, further lowering oxygen levels. As a result, vast migrations of species could occur. Flying animals would be better off because of their ability to travel large distances looking for cooler temperatures.{{sfn|Ward|Brownlee|2003|pp=117-28}} Many animals may be driven to the poles or possibly underground. These creatures would become active during the [[polar night]] and hibernate during the [[polar day]] due to the intense heat and radiation. Much of the land would become a barren desert and plants + animals would primarily be found in the oceans.{{sfn|Ward|Brownlee|2003|pp=117–28}}
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 800 million
| Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which [[C4 carbon fixation|C4 photosynthesis]] is no longer possible.<ref name="Heath Doyle 2009" /> Without plant life to recycle oxygen in the atmosphere, free oxygen and the ozone layer will disappear from the atmosphere allowing for intense levels of deadly UV light to reach the surface. However, in their book ''The Life and Death of Planet Earth'', authors [[Peter D. Ward]] and [[Donald Brownlee]] stated that some animal life may be able to survive in the oceans. Eventually, however, all multicellular life will die out.<ref name="bd2_6_1665" /> The only life left on the Earth after this will be single celled bacteria.
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1 billion<ref name= shortscale group=note>Units are [[short scale]]</ref>
| 27% of the ocean's mass will have been subducted into the mantle. If this were to continue uninterrupted, it would reach an equilibrium where 65% of the surface water would remain at the surface.<ref name=hess5_4_569 />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1.1 billion
| The Sun's luminosity has risen by 10%, causing Earth's surface temperatures to reach an average of c. {{cvt|320|K|C F}}. The atmosphere will become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans. <ref name="swansong">{{cite journal|title=Swansong Biospheres: Refuges for life and novel microbial biospheres on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes|journal= International Journal of Astrobiology|volume= 12|issue= 2|pages= 99–112|author= O'Malley-James, Jack T.|author2= Greaves, Jane S.|author3= Raven, John A.|author4= Cockell, Charles S.|date=2012 |arxiv= 1210.5721|bibcode= 2013IJAsB..12...99O|doi= 10.1017/S147355041200047X}}</ref><ref name="mnras386_1" /> Pockets of water may still be present at the poles, allowing abodes for simple life.<ref name="abode" /><ref name="pressure" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 1.3 billion
| [[Eukaryote|Eukaryotic]] life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only [[prokaryote]]s remain.<ref name="bd2_6_1665" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.5–1.6 billion
|The Sun's rising luminosity causes its [[circumstellar habitable zone]] to move outwards; as [[carbon dioxide]] rises in [[Mars]]'s atmosphere, its surface temperature rises to levels akin to Earth during the [[ice age]].<ref name="bd2_6_1665" /><ref name="mars" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 1.6 billion
| Lower estimate till all prokaryotic life will go extinct.<ref name=bd2_6_1665/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2.3 billion
| The Earth's [[outer core]] freezes, if the [[inner core]] continues to grow at its current rate of 1 mm per year.<ref name="ng4_264" /><ref name="compo" /> Without its liquid outer core, the [[Earth's magnetic field]] shuts down,<ref name="magnet" /> and charged particles emanating from the [[Sun]] gradually deplete the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Solar wind hammers the ozone layer |journal=News@nature |author=Quirin Shlermeler|date=3 March 2005 | doi=10.1038/news050228-12 |ref=harv}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 2.8 billion
| Earth's surface temperature, even at the poles, reaches an average of c. {{convert|422|K|C F}}. At this point, all life, now reduced to unicellular colonies in isolated, scattered microenvironments such as high-altitude lakes or subsurface caves, will go extinct.<ref name=swansong/><ref name="global1" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| c. 3 billion<ref name=prob group=note>This represents the time by which the event will most probably have happened. It may occur randomly at any time from the present.</ref>
| There is a roughly 1 in 100,000 chance that the Earth might be ejected into interstellar space by a stellar encounter before this point, and a 1 in 3 million chance that it will then be captured by another star. Were this to happen, life, assuming it survived the interstellar journey, could potentially continue for far longer.{{sfn|Adams|2008|pp=33–44}}
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3 billion
| [[Median]] point at which the Moon's rising distance from the Earth lessens its stabilising effect on the Earth's [[axial tilt]]. As a consequence, Earth's [[true polar wander]] becomes chaotic and extreme, leading to dramatic shifts in the planet's climate due to the changing axial tilt.<ref name="wander" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3.3 billion
| 1% chance that [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s gravity may make [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'s orbit so [[orbital eccentricity|eccentric]] as to collide with [[Venus]], sending the inner Solar System into chaos. Possible scenarios include Mercury colliding with the Sun, being ejected from the Solar System, or colliding with Earth.<ref name="chaos" />
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 3.5–4.5 billion
| All water currently present in oceans (if not lost earlier) evaporates. The greenhouse effect caused by the massive water atmosphere combined with the luminosity of the Sun reaching roughly 35–40% more than its present-day value, will result in Earth's surface heating up with the temperature rising to {{convert|1400|K|C F}} in extreme case, which is hot enough to melt some surface rock.<ref name=guinan_ribas>{{citation | last1=Guinan | first1=E. F. | last2=Ribas | first2=I. | contribution=Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate | title=ASP Conference Proceedings, The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments | journal=The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments | volume=269 | pages=85–106 | editor1-last=Montesinos | editor1-first=Benjamin | editor2-last=Gimenez | editor2-first=Alvaro | editor3-last=Guinan | editor3-first=Edward F. | date=2002 | bibcode=2002ASPC..269...85G }}</ref><ref name="pnas106_24">{{citation | last1=Li | first1=King-Fai | last2=Pahlevan | first2=Kaveh | last3=Kirschvink | first3=Joseph L. | last4=Yung | first4=Yuk L. | date=June 16, 2009 | title=Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America| volume=106 | issue=24 | pages=9576–9579 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0809436106 | pmid=19487662 | pmc=2701016 | bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9576L }}</ref>{{sfn|Brownlee|2010|p=95}}<ref name=icarus74>{{citation | last1=Kasting | first1=J. F. | title=Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of earth and Venus | journal=Icarus | volume=74 |date=June 1988 | issue=3 | pages=472–494 | doi=10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9 | pmid=11538226 | bibcode=1988Icar...74..472K | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1253896 | format=Submitted manuscript }}</ref> This period in Earth's future is often compared to Venus today, but the temperature is actually around two times the temperature on Venus today, and at this temperature the surface will be partially molten,<ref name="venus" /> while Venus probably has a mostly solid surface at present. Venus will also probably drastically heat up at this time as well, most likely being much hotter than Earth will be as it is closer to the Sun.
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3.6 billion
| [[Neptune]]'s moon [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] falls through the planet's [[Roche limit]], potentially disintegrating into a planetary [[ring system]] similar to [[Rings of Saturn|Saturn]]'s.<ref name="triton" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4 billion
| [[Median]] point by which the [[Andromeda Galaxy]] will have [[Andromeda–Milky Way collision|collided]] with the [[Milky Way]], which will thereafter merge to form a galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda".<ref name="cox" /> The planets of the Solar System are expected to be relatively unaffected by this collision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/milky-way-collide.html |author=NASA|title=NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision |website=NASA |date=2012-05-31 |accessdate=2012-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dowd|first=Maureen|title=Andromeda Is Coming!|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/opinion/dowd-andromeda-is-coming.html|accessdate=9 January 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=29 May 2012|quote=[NASA's David Morrison] explained that the [[Andromeda-Milky Way collision]] would just be two great big fuzzy balls of stars and mostly empty space passing through each other harmlessly over the course of millions of years.}}</ref><ref name="milk"/>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 5.4 billion
| With the hydrogen supply exhausted at its core, the Sun leaves the [[main sequence]] and begins to [[stellar evolution|evolve]] into a [[red giant]].<ref name="Schroder 2008" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 7.5 billion
| Earth and Mars may become [[Tidal locking|tidally locked]] with the expanding subgiant Sun.<ref name="mars" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 7.59 billion
| The Earth and Moon are very likely destroyed by falling into the Sun, just before the Sun reaches the tip of its [[red giant]] phase and its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value.<ref name="Schroder 2008" /><ref name=earthredgiantsun group=note>This has been a tricky question for quite a while; see the 2001 paper by Rybicki, K. R. and Denis, C. However, according to the latest calculations, this happens with a very high degree of certainty.</ref> Before the final collision, the Moon possibly spirals below Earth's [[Roche limit]], breaking into a ring of debris, most of which falls to the Earth's surface.<ref name="powell2007" /> During this time, most of the Earth's atmosphere will be lost to space and it's surface will consist of a lava ocean with floating continents of metals and metal oxides as well as [[iceberg]]s of [[Refractory|refractory materials]], with an average temperature of over {{convert|2400|K|C F}}.<ref name="Kargel2003"/>
<!--
leaving this here in case later calculation(s) show the above not to be true-

During this era, [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life.<ref name="Titan" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 7.9 billion
| The Sun reaches the tip of the red-giant branch of the [[Hertzsprung–Russell diagram]], achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value.<ref name="Rybicki2001" /> In the process, [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], very likely Earth, and possibly Mars are destroyed.<ref name="Schroder 2008" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8 billion
| The Sun becomes a carbon-oxygen [[white dwarf]] with about 54.05% its present mass.<ref name="Schroder 2008" /><ref name="nebula" /><ref name="apj676_1_594" /><ref name="dwarf group note">Based upon the weighted least-squares best fit on p. 16 of Kalirai et al. with the initial mass equal to a [[solar mass]].</ref> At this point, if somehow the Earth survives, temperatures on the surface of the planet, as well as other remaining planets in the Solar System, will begin dropping rapidly, due to the white dwarf Sun emitting much less energy than it does today.
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 22 billion
| The end of the Universe in the [[Big Rip]] scenario, assuming a model of [[dark energy]] with [[Equation of state (cosmology)|{{var|w}} = −1.5]].<ref name="bigrip" /> If the density of dark energy is less than -1, then the Universe's expansion would continue to accelerate and the Observable Universe would continue to get smaller. Around 200 million years before the rip, galaxy clusters like the [[Local Group]] or the [[Sculptor Group]] would be destroyed. 60 million years before the rip, all galaxies will begin to lose stars around their edges and will completely disintegrate in another 40 million years. Three months before the end, all star systems will become gravitationally unbound, and planets will fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. 30 minutes before the end, [[planets]], [[stars]], [[asteroids]] and even extreme objects like [[neutron stars]] and [[black holes]] will evaporate into [[atoms]]. 10−19 seconds before the end, atoms would break apart and right at the moment of the rip even [[space time]] itself would disintegrate. The universe would enter into a "rip singularity" when all distances become infinitely large. Where as a "crunch singularity" all matter is infinitely concentrated, in a "rip singularity" all matter is infinitely spread out.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301
| last = Caldwell | first = Robert R. |author2=Kamionkowski, Marc |author3=Weinberg, Nevin N.
| title = Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday
| journal = Physical Review Letters
| volume = 91
| pages = 071301
| year = 2003
| id =
| pmid=12935004
| arxiv=astro-ph/0302506
| bibcode=2003PhRvL..91g1301C
| issue = 7
}}</ref> However, Observations of [[galaxy cluster]] speeds by the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] suggest that the true value of {{var|w}} is c. −0.991, meaning the Big Rip will not occur.<ref name="chand" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50 billion
| If the Earth and Moon are not engulfed by the Sun, by this time they will become [[Tidal locking|tidelocked]], with each showing only one face to the other.<ref name="tide1">
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU6vcy5L8GAC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false| title = Solar System Dynamics | author = Murray, C.D. | author2 = Dermott, S.F. | last-author-amp = yes | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1999 | page = 184 | isbn = 978-0521572958
}}
</ref><ref name="tide2">
{{cite book | last = Dickinson | first = Terence | authorlink = Terence Dickinson | title = From the Big Bang to Planet X | publisher = [[Camden House]] | date = 1993 | location = Camden East, Ontario | pages = 79–81 | url = | isbn = 978-0921820710
}}
</ref> Thereafter, the tidal action of the white dwarf Sun will extract [[angular momentum]] from the system, causing the lunar orbit to decay and the Earth's spin to accelerate.<ref name="canup_righter">
{{cite book | first1 = Robin M. | last1 = Canup | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Righter | title = Origin of the Earth and Moon | volume = 30 | series=The University of Arizona space science series | publisher = University of Arizona Press | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0816520732 | pages = 176–177 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8i44zjcKm4EC&pg=PA176
}}
</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 65 billion
| The Moon may end up colliding with the Earth due to the decay of its orbit, assuming the Earth and Moon are not engulfed by the red giant Sun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2017/01/31/earth-and-moon-may-be-on-long-term-collision-course/#38a21ffa3c68|website=Forbes|author=Bruce Dorminey|title=Earth and Moon May Be on Long-Term Collision Course|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 100-150 billion
| The [[Metric expansion of space|Universe's expansion]] causes all galaxies beyond the former Milky Way's [[Local Group]] to disappear beyond the [[Particle horizon|cosmic light horizon]], removing them from the [[observable universe]].<ref name="galaxy" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 150 billion
| The [[cosmic microwave background]] cools from its current temperature of c. 2.7 K to 0.3 K, rendering it essentially undetectable with current technology.<ref name="temp" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 450 billion
| [[Median]] point by which the c. 47 galaxies<ref name="messier" /> of the Local Group will coalesce into a single large galaxy.<ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 800 billion
| Expected time when the net light emission from the combined "Milkomeda" galaxy begins to decline as the [[red dwarf]] stars pass through their [[blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)|blue dwarf]] stage of peak luminosity.<ref name="bluedwarf"/>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1012 (1 trillion)
| Low estimate for the time until [[star formation]] ends in galaxies as galaxies are depleted of the gas clouds they need to form stars.<ref name="dying" />

The universe's expansion, assuming a constant [[dark energy]] density, multiplies the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background by 1029, exceeding the scale of the cosmic light horizon and rendering its evidence of the [[Big Bang]] undetectable. However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of [[Stellar kinematics|hypervelocity stars]].<ref name="galaxy" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1012 (1 trillion)<ref name=prob group=note/>
| Estimated time the end of the Universe via the [[Big Crunch]], assuming a "closed" model. Depending on how long the [[expansion]] phase is, the events in the [[contraction]] phase will happen in the reverse order.<ref name="Davies1994">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Paul |title=The Last Three Minutes: Conjectures About The Ultimate Fate Of The Universe |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |date=January 9, 1997 |isbn=978-0-465-03851-0}}</ref> Galaxy [[superclusters]] would first merge, followed by [[galaxy clusters]] and then later [[galaxies]]. About 100,000 years before the Big Crunch, [[stars]] have become so close together that they will begin to collide with each other. Also, the [[cosmic microwave background]] [[temperature]] will rise to about {{convert|100000|K|C F}}, which means that stars will no longer be able to expel their internal heat, slowly cooking themselves until they explode. Minutes before the Big Crunch, the temperature will be so great that [[atomic nuclei]] will disband and the [[partials]] will be sucked up by already coalescing [[black holes]]. Finally, all the [[black holes]] in the universe will merge into one singular black hole containing all the [[matter]] in the universe, which it would then devour the universe, including itself.<ref name="Davies1994" /> After this, it is possible that a new Big Bang would follow and create a new universe. The observed actions of [[dark energy]] do not support this scenario; however, the properties of dark energy are still not known, it is possible that dark energy could reverse sometime in the future.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fraser Cain|title=How Will The Universe End?|date=2013-10-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWnduAnxLQ4|accessdate=2016-06-13}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4×1012 (4 trillion)
| Estimated time until the red dwarf star [[Proxima Centauri]], the closest star to the Sun at a distance of 4.25 [[light-year]]s, leaves the main sequence and becomes a [[white dwarf]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=RED Dwarfs and the End of The Main Sequence|author1=Fred C. Adams|author2=Gregory Laughlin|author3=Genevieve J. M. Graves|journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica Serie de Conferencias|volume=22|
pages=46–49|year=2004|url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_adams.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.2×1013 (12 trillion)
| Estimated time until the red dwarf [[VB 10]], as of 2016 the least massive [[main sequence]] star with an estimated mass of 0.075 {{Solar mass}}, runs out of hydrogen in its core and becomes a [[white dwarf]].<ref name="S&T 22">{{cite journal| title=Why the Smallest Stars Stay Small| journal=Sky & Telescope|date=November 1997| issue=22| ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| journal=Astronomische Nachrichten| volume= 326| issue=10| pages= 913–919| date= 2005| title=M dwarfs: planet formation and long term evolution| first=F. C.|last= Adams| author2= P. Bodenheimer| author3=G. Laughlin|bibcode=2005AN....326..913A|doi=10.1002/asna.200510440| ref=harv}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 3×1013 (30 trillion)
| Estimated time for stars (including the [[Sun]]) to undergo a close encounter with another star in local stellar neighborhoods. Whenever two stars (or stellar remnants) pass close to each other, their planets' orbits can be disrupted, potentially ejecting them from the system entirely. On average, the closer a planet's orbit to its parent star the longer it takes to be ejected in this manner, because it is gravitationally more tightly bound to the star.<ref name="strip" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1014 (100 trillion)
| High estimate for the time until normal [[star formation]] ends in galaxies.<ref name="dying" /> This marks the transition from the [[Future of an expanding universe|Stelliferous Era to the Degenerate Era]]; with no free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die.<ref name="five ages" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1.1–1.2×1014 (110–120 trillion)
| Time by which all stars in the universe will have exhausted their fuel (the longest-lived stars, low-mass [[red dwarf]]s, have lifespans of roughly 10–20 trillion years).<ref name="dying" /> After this point, the stellar-mass objects remaining are [[compact star|stellar remnants]] ([[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s, [[stellar black hole|black holes]]) and [[brown dwarf]]s.

Collisions between brown dwarfs will create new red dwarfs on a marginal level: on average, about 100 stars will be shining in what was once the Milky Way. Collisions between stellar remnants will create occasional supernovae.<ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1015 (1 quadrillion)
| Estimated time until stellar close encounters detach all planets in star systems (including the [[Solar System]]) from their orbits.<ref name="dying" />

By this point, the [[Black dwarf|Sun will have cooled]] to five degrees above [[absolute zero]].<ref name="five degs" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1019 to 1020 (10–100 quintillion)
| Estimated time until 90%–99% of [[brown dwarf]]s and [[compact star|stellar remnants]] (including the [[Sun]]) are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy, with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. Through repeated encounters, the lower-mass objects can gain enough energy in this manner to be ejected from their galaxy. This process eventually causes the Milky Way to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.<ref name="dying" /><ref name="five ages pp85–87" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1020 (100 quintillion)
| Estimated time until the [[Earth]] collides with the [[black dwarf]] [[Sun]] due to the decay of its orbit via emission of [[Gravitational wave|gravitational radiation]],<ref name="dyson" /> if the Earth is not ejected from its orbit by a stellar encounter or engulfed by the Sun during its red giant phase.<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1030 (1 nonillion)
| Estimated time until those stars not ejected from galaxies (1%–10%) fall into their galaxies' central [[supermassive black hole]]s. By this point, with [[binary star]]s having fallen into each other, and planets into their stars, via emission of gravitational radiation, only solitary objects (stellar remnants, brown dwarfs, ejected planets, black holes) will remain in the universe.<ref name=dying/>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 2×1036
| The estimated time for all [[nucleon]]s in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized [[Proton decay|proton half-life]] takes its smallest possible value (8.2×1033 years).<ref name="proton" /><ref name="half-life" /><ref name=half-life group=note>Around 264 half-lives. Tyson et al. employ the computation with a different value for half-life.</ref>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 3×1043
| Estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized [[proton decay|proton half-life]] takes the largest possible value, 1041 years,<ref name="dying" /> assuming that the [[Big Bang]] was [[inflation (cosmology)|inflationary]] and that the same process that made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early Universe makes protons decay.<ref name="half-life" /><ref name=half-life group=note/> By this time, if protons do decay, the [[Future of an expanding universe|Black Hole Era]], in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins.<ref name="five ages" /><ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 1065
| Assuming that protons do not decay, estimated time for rigid objects, from free-floating rocks in space to [[planets]], to rearrange their atoms and molecules via [[quantum tunneling]]. On this timescale, any discrete body of matter "behaves like a liquid" and becomes a smooth sphere due to diffusion and gravity.<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 5.8×1068
| Estimated time until a [[Stellar black hole|stellar mass black hole]] with a mass of 3 [[solar mass]]es decays into subatomic particles by the [[Hawking radiation|Hawking process]].<ref name="Page 1976" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 6.036×1099
| Estimated time until the supermassive black hole of [[TON 618]], as of 2018 the [[List of most massive black holes|most massive known]] with the mass of 66 billion solar masses, dissipates by the emission of Hawking radiation,<ref name="Page 1976" /> assuming zero angular momentum (non-rotating black hole).
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 1.7×10106
| Estimated time until a supermassive black hole with a mass of 20 trillion solar masses decays by the Hawking process.<ref name="Page 1976" /> This marks the end of the Black Hole Era. Beyond this time, if protons do decay, the Universe enters the [[Dark Era]], in which all physical objects have decayed to subatomic particles, gradually winding down to their final energy state in the [[heat death of the universe]].<ref name="five ages" /><ref name="dying" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
|10139
|2018 estimate of Standard Model lifetime before [[False vacuum#Vacuum metastability event|collapse of a false vacuum]]; 95% confidence interval is 1058 to 10241 years due in part to uncertainty about the top quark mass.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andreassen|first=Anders|last2=Frost|first2=William|last3=Schwartz|first3=Matthew D.|date=2018-03-12|title=Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model|journal=Physical Review D|volume=97|issue=5|page=056006|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.97.056006|arxiv=1707.08124|bibcode=2018PhRvD..97e6006A}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10200
| Estimated high time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if they do not via the above process, through any one of many different mechanisms allowed in modern particle physics (higher-order [[Baryon number|baryon non-conservation]] processes, [[virtual black hole]]s, [[sphaleron]]s, etc.) on time scales of 1046 to 10200 years.<ref name="five ages" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 101500
| Assuming protons do not decay, the estimated time until all [[baryonic matter]] has either fused together to form [[iron-56]] or decayed from a higher mass element into iron-56 (see [[iron star]]).<ref name="dyson" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{26}}</math><ref name=bignumber group=note><math>10^{10^{26}}</math> is 1 followed by 1026 (100 septillion) zeroes
</ref><ref name=bignumber2 group=note>Although listed in years for convenience, the numbers beyond this point are so vast that their digits would remain unchanged regardless of which conventional units they were listed in, be they [[nanosecond]]s or [[stellar evolution|star lifespans]].</ref>
| Low estimate for the time until all objects exceeding the [[Planck mass]]{{failed verification|date=October 2016}} collapse via [[quantum tunnelling]] into [[black hole]]s, assuming no [[proton decay]] or [[virtual black holes]].<ref name="dyson" /> On this vast timescale, even ultra-stable iron stars are destroyed by quantum tunnelling events. First iron stars of sufficient mass<!-- sufficient mass is somewhere between 0.2 solar masses<ref>{{cite arxiv|title=The fate of a neutron star just below the minimum mass: does it explode?|author=K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki, W. Hillebrandt|date=21 Jul 1997 |eprint=astro-ph/9707230 |quote="Given this assumption... the minimum possible mass of a neutron star is 0.189"}}</ref> and the Chandrasekhar limit, but I don't know where. At 0.2M a neutron star is stable, but an iron star is energetically favorable at 0.2M, so it can't collapse even with quantum tunneling. - will collapse via tunnelling into [[neutron star]]s. Subsequently, neutron stars and any remaining iron stars collapse via tunnelling into black holes. The subsequent evaporation of each resulting black hole into sub-atomic particles (a process lasting roughly [[googol|10100]] years) is on these timescales instantaneous.
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{50}}</math><ref name=prob group=note/><ref name=bignumber2 group=note/>
| Estimated time for a [[Boltzmann brain]] to appear in the vacuum via a spontaneous entropy decrease.<ref name="linde" />
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{76}}</math><ref name=bignumber2 group=note/>
| High estimate for the time until all matter collapses into neutron stars or black holes, assuming no proton decay or virtual black holes,<ref name="dyson" /> which then (on these timescales) instantaneously evaporate into sub-atomic particles.
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{120}}</math><ref name=bignumber2 group=note/>
| High estimate for the time for the universe to reach its [[Heat death of the universe|final energy state]], even in the presence of a [[false vacuum]].<ref name="linde" />{{failed verification|date=October 2016}}
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| <math>10^{10^{10^{56}}}</math><ref name=prob group=note/><ref name=bignumber2 group=note/>
| Around this vast timeframe, [[quantum tunnelling]] in any isolated patch of the vacuum could generate, via [[cosmic inflation|inflation]], new [[Big Bang]]s giving birth to new universes.<ref name="carroll and chen" /><!-- Quote from source: "The important feature of this probability, calculated in the context of a specific model, is not its actual numerical value, but simply the fact that it is nonzero." -

Because the total number of ways in which all the subatomic particles in the observable universe can be combined is <math>10^{10^{115}}</math>,<ref name="TegmarkPUstaple">{{cite journal | last1 = Tegmark | first1 = M | date = May 2003 | title = Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations | bibcode = 2003SciAm.288e..40T | journal = Sci. Am. | volume = 288 | issue = 5| pages = 40–51 | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40 | pmid=12701329|arxiv = astro-ph/0302131 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Max Tegmark |journal=In "Science and Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos", Honoring John Wheeler's 90th Birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper Eds. |title=Parallel Universes |date=2003 |arxiv=astro-ph/0302131 |bibcode = 2003SciAm.288e..40T |doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40 |pmid=12701329 |volume=288 |issue=5 |pages=40–51}}</ref> a number which, when multiplied by <math>10^{10^{10^{56}}}</math>, disappears into the rounding error, this is also the time required for a [[quantum tunnelling|quantum-tunnelled]] and [[quantum fluctuation]]-generated Big Bang to produce a new universe identical to our own, assuming that every new universe contained at least the same number of subatomic particles and obeyed laws of physics [[String theory landscape|within the range]] predicted by [[string theory]].<ref>[[Michael R. Douglas|M. Douglas]], "The statistics of string / M theory vacua", ''JHEP'' '''0305''', 46 (2003). {{arxiv|hep-th/0303194}}; S. Ashok and M. Douglas, "Counting flux vacua", ''JHEP'' '''0401''', 060 (2004).</ref>
|}

==ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯗꯕ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 10,000
| Most probable estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to [[Frank Drake]]'s original formulation of the [[Drake equation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Cameron|last2=Davies|first2=Evan T.|title=Emigrating Beyond Earth: Human Adaptation and Space Colonization|date=2012|publisher=Springer|page=258|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 10,000
| If [[globalization]] trends lead to [[panmixia]], [[human genetic variation]] will no longer be regionalized, as the [[effective population size]] will equal the actual population size.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Klein|first1=Jan|last2=Takahata|first2=Naoyuki|title=Where Do We Come From?: The Molecular Evidence for Human Descent|date=2002|publisher=Springer|page=395|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> This does not mean [[homogeneity]], as minority traits will still be preserved, e.g. the [[disappearing blonde gene|blonde gene will not disappear]], but it will be rather evenly distributed worldwide.
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:Pi-symbol.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| 10,000
|Humanity has a 95% probability of being extinct by this date, according to [[Brandon Carter]]'s formulation of the controversial [[Doomsday argument]], which argues that half of the humans who will ever have lived have probably already been born.<ref name="brandon" />
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|technology and culture]]
| 20,000
|According to the [[glottochronology]] linguistic model of [[Morris Swadesh]], future languages should retain just 1 out of 100 "core vocabulary" words on their [[Swadesh list]] compared to that of their current progenitors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Joseph|title=Language in the Americas|date=1987|publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=341–342|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100,000+
| Time required to [[terraforming of Mars|terraform Mars]] with an [[oxygen]]-rich breathable atmosphere, using only plants with solar efficiency comparable to the biosphere currently found on Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McKay|first=Christopher P.|author2=Toon, Owen B. |author3=Kasting, James F. |title=Making Mars habitable|journal=Nature|date=8 August 1991|volume=352|issue=6335|pages=489–496|doi=10.1038/352489a0|pmid=11538095|bibcode = 1991Natur.352..489M }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=Technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
|1 million
| Estimated shortest time by which humanity could colonize our Milky Way galaxy and become capable of [[Kardashev scale|harnessing all the energy of the galaxy]], assuming a velocity of 10% the [[speed of light]].<ref name="typeiii" />
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 2 million
| Vertebrate species separated for this long will generally undergo [[allopatric speciation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Avise |first=John |authorlink=John Avise |author2=D. Walker |author3=G. C. Johns |title=Speciation durations and Pleistocene effects on vertebrate phylogeography|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B|date=1998-09-22|volume=265|issue=1407|pages=1707–1712|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689361/bin/9787467s1.pdf |doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0492 |pmid=9787467 |pmc=1689361}}</ref> Evolutionary biologist [[James W. Valentine]] predicted that if humanity has been dispersed among genetically isolated [[space colonization|space colonies]] over this time, the galaxy will host an [[evolutionary radiation]] of multiple human species with a "diversity of form and adaptation that would astound us".<ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=James W.|authorlink=James W. Valentine|editor1-last=Finney|editor1-first=Ben R.|editor1-link=Ben Finney|editor2-last=Jones|editor2-first=Eric M.|title=Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience|date=1985|publisher=University of California Press|chapter=The Origins of Evolutionary Novelty And Galactic Colonization|page=274|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> This would be a natural process of isolated populations, unrelated to potential deliberate [[Gene therapy|genetic enhancement]] technologies.
|-
| style="background: #e0ffff;" | [[File:Pi-symbol.svg|16px|alt=Mathematics|Mathematics]]
| 7.8 million
|Humanity has a 95% probability of being extinct by this date, according to [[J. Richard Gott]]'s formulation of the controversial [[Doomsday argument]], which argues that we have probably already lived through half the duration of human history.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = J. Richard Gott, III
| title = Implications of the Copernican principle for our future prospects
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 363
| pages = 315–319
| year = 1993
| doi = 10.1038/363315a0
| issue = 6427
|bibcode = 1993Natur.363..315G }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 100 million
| Maximal estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to [[Frank Drake]]'s original formulation of the [[Drake equation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bignami|first1=Giovanni F.|last2=Sommariva|first2=Andrea|title=A Scenario for Interstellar Exploration and Its Financing|date=2013|publisher=Springer|page=23|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1 billion
| Estimated time for an [[Astronomical engineering|astroengineering]] project to alter the [[Earth's orbit]], compensating for the Sun's rising brightness and outward migration of the [[Circumstellar habitable zone|habitable zone]], accomplished by repeated asteroid [[gravity assist]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | first=D. G. | last=Korycansky |author2=Laughlin, Gregory|author3= Adams, Fred C. | date=2001 |
title=Astronomical engineering: a strategy for modifying planetary orbits | doi=10.1023/A:1002790227314 | journal=Astrophysics and Space Science | id=Astrophys.Space Sci.275:349-366,2001 | volume=275 | issue=4 | pages=349–366 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Korycansky|first=D. G.|title=Astroengineering, or how to save the Earth in only one billion years|journal=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica|date=2004|volume=22|pages=117–120|url=http://www.astroscu.unam.mx/rmaa/RMxAC..22/PDF/RMxAC..22_korycansky.pdf}}</ref>

|}

==ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯧ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯡꯊꯧꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯖꯥꯎ==

To date five spacecraft (''[[Voyager 1]]'', ''[[Voyager 2]]'', ''[[Pioneer 10]]'', ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' and ''[[New Horizons]]'') are on trajectories which will take them out of the Solar System and into [[interstellar medium|interstellar space]]. Barring an extremely unlikely collision with some object, the craft should persist indefinitely.<ref name="time" />

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10,000
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes within 3.8 [[light-year]]s of [[Barnard's Star]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Concorde: The Rise and Fall of the Supersonic Airliner|url = https://books.google.com/?id=xJnlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT211&lpg=PT211&dq=pioneer+10+barnard%27s+star#v=onepage&q=pioneer%2010%20barnard's%20star&f=false|publisher = Atlantic Books, Limited|date = 2015-10-01|isbn = 978-1782391081|first = Jonathan|last = Glancey}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 25,000
| The [[Arecibo message]], a collection of radio data transmitted on 16 November 1974, reaches the distance of its destination, the [[globular cluster]] [[Messier 13]].<ref name="glob" /> This is the only [[List of interstellar radio messages|interstellar radio message]] sent to such a distant region of the galaxy. There will be a 24-light-year shift in the cluster's position in the galaxy during the time it takes the message to reach it, but as the cluster is 168 light-years in diameter, the message will still reach its destination.<ref>{{cite web|title=In regard to the email from|publisher=Science 2.0|author=Dave Deamer|url=http://www.science20.com/comments/28100/In_regard_to_the_email_from|accessdate=2014-11-14}}</ref> Any reply will take at least another 25,000 years from the time of its transmission.
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 32,000
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes within 3 [[light-year]]s of [[Ross 248]].<ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion" /><ref name="Pioneer 1st 7 billion2" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 40,000
| ''[[Voyager 1]]'' passes within 1.6 [[light-year]]s of [[Gliese 445|AC+79 3888]], a star in the constellation [[Camelopardalis]] also known as [[Gliese 445]].<ref name="voyager" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 50,000
| The ''[[KEO]]'' space time capsule, if it is launched, will reenter Earth's atmosphere.<ref name="keo1" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 296,000
| ''[[Voyager 2]]'' passes within 4.3 [[light-year]]s of [[Sirius]], the brightest star in the night sky.<ref name="voyager" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 800,000–8 million
| Low estimate of [[Pioneer plaque|Pioneer 10 plaque]] lifespan, before the etching is destroyed by poorly-understood interstellar erosion processes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lasher |first=Lawrence |title=Pioneer Mission Status |url=http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNStat.html |publisher=NASA|deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408152959/http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNStat.html |archivedate=8 April 2000 |quote=[Pioneer's speed is] about 12 km/s... [the plate etching] should survive recognizable at least to a distance ~ 10 parsecs, and most probably to 100 parsecs.}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 2 million
| ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' passes near the bright star [[Aldebaran]].<ref name="Pioneer Ames" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 4 million
| ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' passes near one of the stars in the constellation [[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]].<ref name="Pioneer Ames" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 8 million
| The ''[[LAGEOS]]'' satellites' orbits will decay, and they will re-enter Earth's atmosphere, carrying with them a message to any far future descendants of humanity, and a map of the continents as they are expected to appear then.<ref name="lageos" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 1 billion
| Estimated lifespan of the two [[Voyager Golden Record]]s, before the information stored on them is rendered unrecoverable.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich |date=12 February 2010 |title= Carl Sagan And Ann Druyan's Ultimate Mix Tape |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/02/12/123534818/carl-sagan-and-ann-druyans-ultimate-mix-tape |medium=Radio |publisher=National Public Radio }}</ref>
|}

==ꯁꯤꯟ-ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 10,000
| Planned lifespan of the [[Long Now Foundation]]'s several ongoing projects, including a 10,000-year clock known as the [[Clock of the Long Now]], the [[Rosetta Project]], and the [[Long Now Foundation|Long Bet Project]].<ref name="longnow" />

Estimated lifespan of the [[HD-Rosetta]] analog disc, an [[Focused ion beam|ion beam-etched]] writing medium on nickel plate, a technology developed at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and later commercialized. (The Rosetta Project uses this technology, named after the [[Rosetta Stone]]).
|-
| style="background: #CEFF00;" | [[File:Butterfly icon (Noun Project).svg|16px|alt=Biology|Biology]]
| 10,000
| Projected lifespan of Norway's [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A Visit To The Doomsday Vault|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-visit-to-the-doomsday-vault/|date=20 March 2008|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|technology and culture]]
| 100,000+
| Estimated lifespan of [[Memory of Mankind]] (MOM) [[self storage]]-style repository in [[Hallstatt]] salt mine in Austria, which stores information on [[Clay tablet|inscribed tablets]] of [[stoneware]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Memory of Mankind | website = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.memory-of-mankind.com/en/home.html | doi = | accessdate = | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051515/http://www.memory-of-mankind.com/en/home.html | archivedate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|technology and culture]]
| 1 million
| Planned lifespan of the Human Document Project being developed at the [[University of Twente]] in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Document Project 2014|url=http://hudoc2014.manucodiata.org/}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|Technology and culture]]
| 1 billion
| Estimated lifespan of "[[Molecular shuttle|Nanoshuttle]] memory device" using an [[iron nanoparticle]] moved as a [[molecular switch]] through a [[carbon nanotube]], a technology developed at the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Begtrup |first=G. E. |display-authors=4 |author2=Gannett, W. |author3=Yuzvinsky, T. D. |author4=Crespi, V. H. |author5=Zettl, A. |title=Nanoscale Reversible Mass Transport for Archival Memory |journal=Nano Letters |date=13 May 2009 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1835–1838 |doi=10.1021/nl803800c |url=http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/pdf/363.NanoLet.9-Begtrup.pdf |bibcode=2009NanoL...9.1835B |pmid=19400579 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622232231/http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/pdf/363.NanoLet.9-Begtrup.pdf |archivedate=22 June 2010 |df= |citeseerx=10.1.1.534.8855 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Aiga toiletsq men.svg|16px|alt=technology and culture|technology and culture]]
| more than 13 billion
| Estimated lifespan of "[[5D optical data storage|Superman memory crystal]]" data storage using [[Mode-locking|femtosecond laser]]-etched [[nanostructure]]s in glass, a technology developed at the [[University of Southampton]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=J. |last2=Gecevičius|first2=M. |last3=Beresna|first3=M. |last4=Kazansky|first4=P. G. |title=Seemingly unlimited lifetime data storage in nanostructured glass|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260004721|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=112|issue=3 |page=033901|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.033901|pmid=24484138 |date=2014|bibcode = 2014PhRvL.112c3901Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Zhang|first=J.|last2=Gecevičius|first2=M.|last3=Beresna|first3=M.|last4=Kazansky|first4=P. G.|title=5D Data Storage by Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring in Glass|journal=CLEO: Science and Innovations|date=June 2013|pages=CTh5D–9|url=http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/5D_Data_Storage_by_Ultrafast_Laser_Nanostructuring_in_Glass.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906152109/http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/5D_Data_Storage_by_Ultrafast_Laser_Nanostructuring_in_Glass.pdf|archivedate=6 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

==ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 50,000
| Estimated atmospheric lifetime of [[tetrafluoromethane]], the most durable [[greenhouse gas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tetrafluoromethane|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+1327|website=[[Hazardous Substances Data Bank|Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET)]]|publisher=United States National Library of Medicine|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 1 million
| Current [[glass]] objects in the environment will be decomposed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Time it takes for garbage to decompose in the environment|url=http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf|publisher=New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services}}</ref>

[[:Category:Granite sculptures|Various public monuments]] composed of hard [[granite]] will have eroded one meter, in a moderate climate, assuming a rate of 1 [[Bubnoff unit]] (1 mm / 1,000 years, or ~1 inch / 10,000 years).<ref>{{cite book|last=Lyle|first=Paul|title=Between Rocks And Hard Places: Discovering Ireland's Northern Landscapes|date=2010|publisher=Geological Survey of Northern Ireland|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>

Without maintenance, the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] will erode into unrecognizability.<ref>{{Citation |last=Weisman |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Weisman |title=The World Without Us |pages= 171–172 |date=2007-07-10 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-34729-1 |oclc=122261590}}</ref>

On the [[Moon]], [[Neil Armstrong]]'s "one small step" [[footprint]] at [[Tranquility Base]] will erode by this time, along with those left by all [[List of Apollo astronauts#Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon|twelve Apollo moonwalkers]], due to the accumulated effects of [[space weathering]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo 11 – First Footprint on the Moon|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/F_Apollo_11.html|website=Student Features|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Meadows|first=A. J.|title=The Future of the Universe|date=2007|publisher=Springer|pages=81–83|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref> (Normal erosion processes active on Earth are not present due to the Moon's [[Atmosphere of the Moon|almost complete lack of atmosphere]].)
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 7.2 million
|Without maintenance, [[Mount Rushmore]] will erode into unrecognizability.<ref>{{Citation |last=Weisman |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Weisman |title=The World Without Us |page= 182 |date=2007-07-10 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-34729-1 |oclc=122261590}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 100 million
| Future archaeologists should be able to identify an "Urban [[Stratum]]" of fossilized [[port|great coastal cities]], mostly through the remains of underground infrastructure such as [[Foundation (engineering)|building foundations]] and [[utility tunnel]]s.<ref>{{Citation |last=Zalasiewicz |first=Jan |title=The Earth After Us: What legacy will humans leave in the rocks? |date=2008-09-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}, [http://www.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/cgi-bin/archaeolog/?p=239 Review in Stanford Archaeolog]</ref>
|}

==ꯁꯟꯊꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ(ꯂꯥꯡꯄꯨꯡꯂꯣꯟ)ꯀꯤ ꯊꯩꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ==
Extremely rare astronomical events beginning in the 11th millennium AD (year 10,001) will be:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" |
! scope="col" | Date / Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 20 August, AD 10,663
| A simultaneous total [[solar eclipse]] and [[transit of Mercury]].<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits">
{{cite journal | title = Simultaneous Transits | author = Meeus, J. | author2 = Vitagliano, A. | last-author-amp = yes | journal = Journal of the British Astronomical Association | url = http://www.solexorb.it/SolexOld/Simtrans.pdf | date = 2004 | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | accessdate =2 August 2016
}}
</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 25 August, AD 11,268
| A simultaneous total solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 28 February, AD 11,575
| A simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 17 September, AD 13,425
| A near-simultaneous [[transit of Venus]] and Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| AD 13,727
| The Earth's [[axial precession]] will have made [[Vega]] the northern [[pole star]].<ref name="vega" /><ref name="plait" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Falkner|first=David E.|title=The Mythology of the Night Sky|date=2011|publisher=Springer|page=116|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref><ref>{{citation | url=http://www.stellarium.org | title=Calculation by the ''Stellarium'' application version 0.10.2 | accessdate=2009-07-28 }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 13,000 years
| By this point, halfway through the precessional cycle, Earth's [[axial tilt]] will be reversed, causing [[summer]] and [[winter]] to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. This means that the seasons in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], which experiences more pronounced seasonal variation due to a higher percentage of land, will be even more extreme, as it will be facing towards the Sun at Earth's [[Perihelion and aphelion|perihelion]] and away from the Sun at [[Perihelion and aphelion|aphelion]].<ref name="plait" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 5 April, AD 15,232
| A simultaneous total [[solar eclipse]] and [[transit of Venus]].<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 20 April, AD 15,790
| A simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 14,000–17,000 years
| The Earth's [[axial precession]] will make [[Canopus]] the [[South Star]], but it will only be within 10° of the south [[celestial pole]].<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/moonkmft/Articles/Precession.html
| title =Precession
|author=Kieron Taylor
|publisher=Sheffield Astronomical Society
|date=1 March 1994
|accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| AD 20,346
| [[Thuban]] will be the northern [[pole star]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Falkner|first=David E.|title=The Mythology of the Night Sky|date=2011|publisher=Springer|page=102|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| AD 27,800
| [[Polaris]] will again be the northern pole star.<ref>{{cite book|last=Komzsik|first=Louis|title=Wheels in the Sky: Keep on Turning|date=2010|publisher=Trafford Publishing|page=140|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 27,000 years
| The [[Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of Earth's orbit will reach a minimum, 0.00236 (it is now 0.01671).<ref name="mini2" /><ref name="laskar" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| October, AD 38,172
| A transit of Uranus from Neptune, the rarest of all planetary transits.<ref name="solex">
{{cite web
|title=The Solex page
|url=http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/
|author=Aldo Vitagliano
|date=2011
|publisher=University degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
|accessdate=20 July 2012
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gOzK38bc?url=http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/
|archivedate=29 April 2009
|df=
}}
</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 26 July, AD 69,163
| A simultaneous transit of Venus and Mercury.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| AD 70,000
| [[Comet Hyakutake]] returns to the inner Solar System, after traveling in its orbit out to its [[Perihelion and aphelion|aphelion]] 3,410 A.U. from the Sun and back.<ref>{{cite journal | author= James, N.D | title=Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake): The Great Comet of 1996 | journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association | date=1998 | volume=108 | page=157 | bibcode = 1998JBAA..108..157J }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 27 and 28 March, AD 224,508
| Respectively, Venus and then Mercury will transit the Sun.<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| AD 571,741
| A simultaneous transit of Venus and the [[Earth]] [[Transit of Earth from Mars|as seen from Mars]]<ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 6 million
| [[C/1999 F1|Comet C/1999 F1 (Catalina)]], one of the longest-period comets known, returns to the inner Solar System, after traveling in its orbit out to its aphelion 66,600 A.U. (1.05 light-years) from the Sun and back.<ref>{{cite web
|author=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|Horizons]] output
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=C/1999+F1
|title=Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
|accessdate=2011-03-07}}</ref>
|}

==ꯆꯩꯆꯠꯂꯣꯟ(ꯊꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ)ꯀꯤ predictions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" colspan=2| Event
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 10,000
| <center>—</center>
| The [[Gregorian calendar]] will be roughly 10 days out of sync with the seasons.<ref name="greg" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:12892-{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}
| 10 June, AD 12,892
| In the [[Hebrew calendar]], due to a gradual drift with regard to the solar year, [[Passover]] will fall on the [[June solstice|northern summer solstice]] (it is meant to fall around the spring equinox).<ref>{{cite web|last=Bromberg|first=Irv|title=The Rectified Hebrew Calendar|url=http://individual.utoronto.ca/kalendis/hebrew/rect.htm#over}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:20874-{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}
| AD 20,874
| The [[lunar calendar|lunar]] [[Islamic calendar]] and the [[solar calendar|solar]] [[Gregorian calendar]] will share the same year number. After this, the shorter Islamic calendar will slowly overtake the Gregorian.<ref name="islam" />
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| 25,000
| <center>—</center>
| The [[Tabular Islamic calendar]] will be roughly 10 days out of sync with the Moon's phase.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Edward Graham|title=Mapping time: the calendar and its history|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=93|isbn=}}{{ISBN missing}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: lavender;" | [[File:Five Pointed Star Solid.svg|16px|alt=Astronomy and astrophysics|Astronomy and astrophysics]]
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:48901-{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}
| 1 March, AD 48,901<ref name=greg2note group=note>Manually calculated from the fact that the calendars were 10 days apart in 1582 and grew further apart by 3 days every 400 years. 1 March AD 48900 (Julian) and 1 March AD 48901 (Gregorian) are both Tuesday.</ref> The Julian day number (a measure used by astronomers) at Greenwich mean midnight (start of day) is 19 581 842.5 for both dates.
| The [[Julian calendar]] (365.25 days) and [[Gregorian calendar]] (365.2425 days) will be one year apart.<ref name="greg2" />
|}

==Nuclear power==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[File:Key.svg|12px]]
! scope="col" | Years from now
! scope="col" | Event
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 10,000
|The [[Waste Isolation Pilot Plant]], for nuclear weapons waste, is planned to be protected until this time, with a "Permanent Marker" system designed to warn off visitors through both multiple languages (the [[Official languages of the United Nations|six UN languages]] and [[Navajo language|Navajo]]) and through [[pictogram]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Markers Implementation Plan|url=http://www.wipp.energy.gov/picsprog/test1/Permanent_Markers_Implementation_Plan_rev1.pdf|publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928144722/http://www.wipp.energy.gov/PICsProg/Test1/Permanent_Markers_Implementation_Plan_rev1.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2006|deadurl=yes|format=PDF|date=August 30, 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (The [[Human Interference Task Force]] has provided the theoretical basis for United States plans for future nuclear semiotics.)
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 20,000
|The [[Chernobyl Exclusion Zone]], the {{convert|2600|km2||adj=mid}} area of [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] left deserted by the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]], becomes safe for human life.<ref name=TimeDisaster>{{cite book|title=Time: Disasters that Shook the World|publisher=Time Home Entertainment|location=New York City|year=2012|isbn=978-1-60320-247-3}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 30,000
| Estimated supply lifespan of fission-based [[breeder reactor]] reserves, using [[List of countries by uranium reserves|known sources]], assuming 2009 [[world energy consumption]].<ref name="Fetter">{{cite news|last=Fetter|first=Steve|title=How long will the world's uranium supplies last?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/|date=March 2009}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 60,000
| Estimated supply lifespan of fission-based [[light-water reactor]] reserves if it is possible to extract all the [[uranium]] from seawater, assuming 2009 world energy consumption.<ref name="Fetter"/>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 211,000
| [[Half-life]] of [[technetium-99]], the most important [[long-lived fission product]] in uranium-derived nuclear waste.
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 250,000
| The estimated minimum time at which the spent [[plutonium]] stored at New Mexico's [[Waste Isolation Pilot Plant]] will cease to be lethal to humans.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Biello |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nuclear-waste-lethal-trash-or-renewable-energy-source/|publisher=Scientific American|title=Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Trash Heap Deadly for 250,000 Years or a Renewable Energy Source?|date=January 28, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #FFE4E1;" | [[File:Psi (greek letter).svg|16px|alt=Particle physics|Particle physics]]
| 15.7 million
| [[Half-life]] of [[iodine-129]], the most durable [[long-lived fission product]] in uranium-derived [[Radioactive waste|nuclear waste]].
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 60 million
| Estimated supply lifespan of [[fusion power]] reserves if it is possible to extract all the [[lithium]] from seawater, assuming 1995 [[world energy consumption]].<ref name="Ongena 3–14">{{cite journal|last=Ongena |first=J |author2=G. Van Oost |title=Energy for future centuries – Will fusion be an inexhaustible, safe and clean energy source? |journal=Fusion Science and Technology |volume=45 |series=2004 |issue=2T |pages=3–14 |url=http://www.euro-fusionscipub.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/EFDR00001.pdf }}</ref>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 5 billion
| Estimated supply lifespan of fission-based [[breeder reactor]] reserves if it is possible to extract all the [[uranium]] from seawater, assuming 1983 world energy consumption.<ref name="Cohen"/>
|-
| style="background: #f0dc82;" | [[File:Noun project 528.svg|16px|alt=Geology and planetary science|Geology and planetary science]]
| 150 billion
| Estimated supply lifespan of [[fusion power]] reserves if it is possible to extract all the [[deuterium]] from seawater, assuming 1995 world energy consumption.<ref name="Ongena 3–14"/>
|-
|}

==Graphical timelines==
For graphical, logarithmic timelines of these events see:
* [[Graphical timeline of the universe]] (to 8 billion years from now)
* [[Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era]] (to 1020 years from now)
* [[Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death]] (to 101000 years from now)

==ꯁꯤꯖꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯉꯨ==
{{Div col}}
* [[ꯇꯥꯏꯄꯡꯄꯥꯜꯄꯥꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ|ꯇꯥꯏꯄꯡꯄꯥꯜꯄꯥꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯪ ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ]]
* [[Detailed logarithmic timeline]]
* [[Earth's location in the Universe]]
* [[Future of Earth]]
* [[Future of an expanding universe]]
* [[Heat death of the universe]]
* [[Template:Human timeline|Human timeline]]
* [[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]]
* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (time)]]
* [[Space and survival]]
* [[10th millennium]]
* [[Timeline of natural history]]
* [[Timeline of the formation of the Universe]]
* [[Timeline of the near future]]
* [[Ultimate fate of the universe]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ==
{{Reflist|25em| refs =

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<ref name="powell2007">{{Citation | first1=David | last1=Powell | date=January 22, 2007 | title=Earth's Moon Destined to Disintegrate | work=Space.com | publisher=Tech Media Network | url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070122_temporary_moon.html | accessdate=2010-06-01 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name="Titan">
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{{Cite journal | first = K.-P. | last = Schröder | date = 2008 | title = Distant Future of the Sun and Earth Revisited | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 386 | issue = 1 | pages = 155–163 | last2 = Connon Smith | first2 = Robert | bibcode = 2008MNRAS.386..155S | arxiv = 0801.4031
}}
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<ref name="proton">
{{Cite journal | author = Nishino | year = 2009 | title = Search for Proton Decay via {{Subatomic particle|Proton+}} → {{Subatomic particle|Positron}}{{Subatomic particle|pion0}} and {{Subatomic particle|Proton+}} → {{Subatomic particle|Muon+}}{{Subatomic particle|pion0}} in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector | journal = [[Physical Review Letters]] | volume = 102 | issue = 14 | page = 141801 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.141801 | bibcode = 2009PhRvL.102n1801N | name-list-format = vanc | author2 = Super-K Collaboration | display-authors = 2 | last3 = Abe | first3 = K. | last4 = Hayato | first4 = Y. | last5 = Iida | first5 = T. | last6 = Ikeda | first6 = M. | last7 = Kameda | first7 = J. | last8 = Kobayashi | first8 = K. | last9 = Koshio | first9 = Y. | last10 = Miura | first10 = M. | last11 = Moriyama | first11 = S. | last12 = Nakahata | first12 = M. | last13 = Nakayama | first13 = S. | last14 = Obayashi | first14 = Y. | last15 = Ogawa | first15 = H. | last16 = Sekiya | first16 = H. | last17 = Shiozawa | first17 = M. | last18 = Suzuki | first18 = Y. | last19 = Takeda | first19 = A. | last20 = Takenaga | first20 = Y. | last21 = Takeuchi | first21 = Y. | last22 = Ueno | first22 = K. | last23 = Ueshima | first23 = K. | last24 = Watanabe | first24 = H. | last25 = Yamada | first25 = S. | last26 = Hazama | first26 = S. | last27 = Higuchi | first27 = I. | last28 = Ishihara | first28 = C. | last29 = Kajita | first29 = T. | last30 = Kaneyuki | first30 = K. | authorlink2 = Super-Kamiokande | pmid=19392425
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<ref name="half-life">
{{Cite book | url = http://www.nap.edu/jhp/oneuniverse/frontiers_solution_17.html | title = One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos | first1 = Neil de Grasse | last1 = Tyson | last2 = Tsun-Chu Liu | first2 = Charles | last3 = Irion | first3 = Robert | publisher = Joseph Henry Press | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0309064880 }}
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{{Cite journal | title = Particle Emission Rates from a Black Hole: Massless Particles from an Uncharged, Nonrotating Hole | last = Page | first = Don N. | date = 1976 | journal = Physical Review D | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–206 | bibcode = 1976PhRvD..13..198P | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198
}} See in particular equation (27).
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| citeseerx = 10.1.1.337.7948 }}
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{{Cite web | title = The Pioneer Missions | publisher = NASA | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html | accessdate =5 September 2011
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|bibcode = 1983RSPTA.310..347C }}
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<ref name="sublight">
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{{Cite journal | author = Li King-Fai | author2 = Pahlevan, Kaveh | author3 = Kirschvink, Joseph L. | author4 = Yung, Luk L. | date = 2009 | title = Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 106 | issue = 24 | pages = 9576–9579 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0809436106
|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9576L | pmid=19487662 | pmc=2701016}}
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<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web|title=Gamma-Ray Burst Caused Mass Extinction?|author= Minard, Anne|publisher= National Geographic News|date=2009|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/04/090403-gamma-ray-extinction.html|accessdate=2012-08-27
}}</ref>

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<!-- <ref name="Solar_eclipses_during_transits">
{{Cite journal | title = Simultaneous Transits | author = Meeus, J. | author2 = Vitagliano, A. | last-author-amp = yes | journal = Journal of the British Astronomical Association | url = http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/Simtrans.pdf | date = 2004 | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | accessdate =7 September 2011
}}
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{{Cite web
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|publisher=[[NASA]]
|url=http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question64.html
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|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725180305/http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question64.html
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}}
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{{Cite web | title = Astronomical Solutions for Earth Paleoclimates | author = Laskar | display-authors = etal | url = http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/insola/earth/earth.html | publisher = [[Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides]] | accessdate =20 July 2012
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{{Cite web | title = The Solex page | url = http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/|author=Aldo Vitagliano | date = 2011 | publisher=University degli Studi di Napoli Federico II| accessdate =20 July 2012
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{{Cite journal | last = Cohen | first = Bernard L. | title = Breeder Reactors: A Renewable Energy Source | journal = American Journal of Physics | volume = 51 | issue = 1 | page = 75 | date= January 1983 | bibcode = 2005BGD.....2.1665F | url = http://large.stanford.edu/publications/coal/references/docs/pad11983cohen.pdf | doi = 10.1119/1.13440
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<ref name=hess5_4_569>{{Cite journal |last1=Bounama |first1=Christine |year=2001 |last2=Franck |first2=S. |last3=Von Bloh |first3=W. |title=The fate of Earth's ocean |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=569–575 |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/5/569/2001/hess-5-569-2001.pdf |accessdate=3 July 2009 |doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001 |bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B}}</ref>

}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Citation | last1=Adams | first1=Fred C. | date=2008 | editor1-first=Nick | editor1-last=Bostrom | editor2-first=Milan M. | editor2-last=Ćirković | title=Global catastrophic risks | contribution=Long term astrophysical processes | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-857050-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jxc88RuJhgC&pg=PA33 | postscript=. | ref=harv }}
* {{citation | last1=Brownlee | first1=Donald E. | date=2010 | chapter=Planetary habitability on astronomical time scales | title=Heliophysics: Evolving Solar Activity and the Climates of Space and Earth | editor1-first=Carolus J. | editor1-last=Schrijver | editor2-first=George L. | editor2-last=Siscoe | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8NwTYEl0ngC&pg=PA79 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-11294-9 | postscript=. | ref=harv }}

{{Time topics}}
{{Millennia}}

{{featured list}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}

[[Category:Future timelines|Far futures]]
[[Category:Futurology]]
[[Category:Time periods in the future|Timeline]]
[[Category:Chronology|*]]
[[Category:Wp/mni]]

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